Artificial Intelligence 2

Artificial Intelligence


 


Introduction:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the key technology in many of today’s novel applications, ranging from banking systems that detect attempted credit card fraud, to telephone systems that understand speech, to software systems that notice when you’re having problems and offer appropriate advice. Intellectually, AI depends on a broad intercourse with computing disciplines and with fields outside computer science, including logic, psychology, linguistic, philosophy, neuroscience, mechanical engineering, and statistics, economics, and control theory.   AI problems are extremely difficult, far more difficult than was imagined when the field was founded. Early work in AI focused on using cognitive and biological models to stimulate and explain human information processing skills, on “logical” systems that perform common sense and expert reasoning, and on robots that perceive and interact with their environment. Today developers can build systems that meet the advanced information needs of government and industry by choosing from a broad palette of mature technologies. Sophisticated methods for reasoning about uncertainty and for coping with incomplete knowledge have led to more robust diagnostic and planning systems.
AI began as an attempt to answer some of the most fundamental questions about human existence by understanding the nature of intelligence, but it has grown into a scientific and technological field affecting many aspects many aspects of commerce and society. Even as AI technology becomes integrated into the fabric of everyday life, AI researches remain focused on the grand challenges of automating intelligence. Work is progressing on developing systems that converse in natural language, that perceive and respond to their surroundings, and that encode and provide useful access to all of human knowledge and expertise. The pursuit of the ultimate goals of AI—the design of intelligent artifacts; understanding...