Toefl

总结听力材料summarize the lecture:
The speaker talks about
The lecture discusses/is mainly discussing
The professor made the point that

引出要点introduce key points:
First/second/third
First/then/another point is that
Or express the key point directly in a topic sentence.

引出例子introduce examples or reasons:
For example (instance)/one example is/such as/that is

增加例子add examples or reasons:
Next/Furthermore/another example is/in addition

对比观点Shw contrast between ideas:
However/In contrast/on the contrary/on the other hand/but

精彩opening:
1) The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that…

2) The professor made the point that…. The reading does not discuss this point.

Another important point is that…, but the reading does not discuss the point.

Finally, the Professor stated that….

In general, the Professor discusses problems of…that the reading does not include.

3) According to the lecture, ….On the other hand/while the reading stated that…

The professor made the point that…. On the contrary/however/in contrast, the writer demonstrated an idea that…

The lecture supports/illustrates the idea that…

The lecture contradicts/refutes/is in contrary to/is the opposite of the idea that…

对材料的指称：
The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture

The writer/narrator/reading material/writing

八、总体写作模式
Paragraph 1         first key point from the lecture
                    Examples from the lecture
                    Explanation or connection to the reading
Paragraph 2        second key point from the lecture
                    Examples from the lecture
                    Explanation or connection to the reading
Paragraph 3        third key point from the lecture
                    Examples from the lecture
                    Explanation or connection to the reading
示例模板：
The lecture is mainly discussing ______, ________ and ___________ by _________, challenging what are stated in the...