1. Linguistic and extralinguistic causes of semantic change.
2. Metaphoric and metonymic transfers.
3. Semantic processes based on changes of the denotative meaning:
a) restriction (specialization, narrowing) of meaning;
b) extension (generalization, widening of meaning)
4. Semantic processes based on changes of the connotative meaning:
a) degradation of meaning;
b) elevation of meaning
Obligatory Reading
1. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка / И.В. Арнольд; на англ. яз. – 3-е изд. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – P. 60–73.
2. Лексикология английского языка / Р.З. Гинзбург [и др.]; на англ. яз. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Высш. шк., 1979. – P. 29–33.
3. Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. – Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 1992. – С. 44–53.
Tasks
1. Explain the logical associations in the meanings of the same words in the following word combinations. Define the type of transference which has taken place.
A wing of a bird – a wing of a building – on wings of joy; an eye of a man – an eye of a needle; the heart of a man – the heart of the matter; a hand of a man – a hand of a clock – a farm hand); a foot of a man – the foot of a mountain; the coat of a girl – the coat of a dog; a star in the sky – a film star; a green leaf – green years – green with envy; warm weather – a warm welcome; black shoes – black winter – black despair; the father of the family – the father of invention; nickel (meta1) – a nickel (coin); bronze – a bronze; glass – a glass; Ford (proper name) – a Ford (car); Kashmir (town in North India) – cashmere.
2. Read the words’ stories and identify the results of their semantic development. These results are:
a) generalization;
b) specialization;
c) elevation;
d) degradation....
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